Psychological situation in a complete family. "The psychological climate of the family as an important component in the upbringing of a child. Relations in the family. Psychological climate characteristics

What is meant by the socio-psychological climate of the family? And what indicators influence family climate satisfaction?

Socio-psychological family climate- This is the degree of satisfaction of the spouses with the atmosphere in the family. Friendly communication and psychological support of family members are indicators of the psychological climate in the family. Psychological factors are an important component of family relationships.

Also, the climate in the family is influenced by sexual compatibility and joint leisure. In the course of numerous studies, the following tendency was revealed: the longer the experience of family life, the higher the satisfaction with psychological support. This is not surprising, since over time, psychological adaptation to partners increases.

If you ask a woman about the socio-psychological climate in her family, it turns out that she is more critical in assessing this issue than her man. This is confirmed by research by psychologists. For a strong marriage, the following indicators are important for women: absence of everyday problems, family rest, harmonious sexual relations, communication, friendship, care, psychological atmosphere. For men, the main thing in family relationships is common interests with a child-centered bias.

Practical research shows that if at least one of the spouses is satisfied with the marriage, this contributes to a favorable climate in the family. The number of children in the family influences the favorable climate in the family: the more children in the family, the more favorable the family climate.

Some sociological psychologists are inclined to believe that the degree of satisfaction with marriage and, accordingly, a favorable climate in the family depends on the person himself, or rather, a person who is able to take responsibility for everything in his life is always satisfied with his marriage.

Factors influencing a favorable climate in the family

1) "Socio-demographic and economic characteristics of the family"

Examples of indicators: total family income, number of children, age of husband and wife.

2) "Extrafamilial sphere of life of spouses"

Examples of indicators: spouses' profession, social environment.

3) "Attitudes and behavior of spouses in the main spheres of family life"

Examples of indicators: the views of the spouses on the distribution of household and household duties, leisure activities.

4) "Characteristics of intermarital relations"

Examples of indicators: community of moral values, attitude to love and fidelity, respect for each other.

How to restore a favorable climate in the family?

Unfortunately, many families with unfavorable climate in the family. In these families, everyone lives their own life. It is not customary in a family to solve problems at a round table; everyone solves his own problems on his own. Not only problems are solved by each family member on their own, but the joyful moments of family members are ignored. For example, they don't congratulate each other on their birthday, top five, and so on.

An unfavorable climate in the family develops not only in dysfunctional families, but also in families leading a healthy lifestyle. What is the reason? A negative family climate is caused by a lack of communication.

To restore a favorable climate in the family, you need to establish communication. You need to communicate not only with your spouse, but with your children. And you need to talk about everything, not keep silent about the insults. The topics of conversation should be varied. Talk about anything: the weather, the man stepping on your toes, the new teacher at school, politics, flowers, or just talk about a day gone by.

Create a family tradition, such as having dinner at the same table every night, or turning off the internet for two hours and playing board games. More often, everyone should go on a joint vacation that would suit all family members.

This advice may seem banal to someone, but, without a doubt, it is the most effective for the renewal of a favorable climate in the family.

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Socio-psychological climate- an integral characteristic of the system of interpersonal relations in a group, reflecting a complex of decisive psychological conditions that either provide or hinder the successful course of the processes of group formation and personal development.

A favorable socio-psychological climate in a community is directly related to the level of socio-psychological development of the latter. In this regard, the defining signs of a favorable socio-psychological climate are clearly pronounced socio-psychological phenomena of interpersonal relations, which are characteristic of groups of the collective type.

Thus, such indicators are:

a high level of awareness of all members of the group about the goals and objectives of joint activities,

a high degree of mediation of interpersonal relations (including mutual appreciation in the community) by the goals and content of group pro-social activity,

significant severity of effective group emotional identification,

adequate attribution of responsibility for successes and failures in group activities,

high rate of reciprocity in the field of attraction and reference relations,

a high indicator of value-orientational and subject-value unity,

the ability and readiness of group members to manifest personal self-determination, etc.

A favorable socio-psychological climate acts as one of the decisive factors in the effectiveness of group activities. This is largely due to group compatibility and consistency.

5.2 Types of families according to the spk.

Let us turn to the characteristics of the typologies of families. (See Figure 12)

Figure 12

Types of families by socio-psychological climate

1. Integrated and disintegrated families differ in the degree of involvement of family members in the family group, in their spiritual and emotional cohesion, in the degree of their cohesion. In integrated families, each family member identifies with the family group, considering himself as its obligatory and full member, feeling his security and counting on the material and moral support of the family in difficult circumstances. In disintegrated families, family members are isolated from each other, each lives by himself and is purely formally interested in the problems of others. It is quite natural, and this is confirmed by observations, that disintegrated families are more likely to have a suicidal effect on their members than close-knit, highly integrated ones.

In terms of dysfunctional parent-child relationships, the most likely are partially disintegrated families with micro-groups or family coalitions within themselves, which may consist of family members or include broader groups of relatives on the part of one of the spouses. Children who find themselves alone in front of a coalition of relatives united against him feel that they are constantly hiding something from them and are trying to isolate them from family contacts. The reasons why someone finds themselves in the position of a rejected family member can be very different. A typical example is the isolation of a daughter-in-law in a family in which the son married against the will of his parents and they do not consider her a “couple” for him. Isolation is then one of the means of rejecting the “foreign body” from the family. Problematic behavior is possible in families that are superintegrated. With a high cohesion of family members, most often spouses, and in single-parent families - mother and child - the feeling of personal autonomy is disturbed, persons who are accustomed to being in each other's company use only the pronouns "we", "ours", and do not like to say "I "," Me ", they think of their existence only next to each other, being in symbiosis. The death of one of them makes them completely helpless.

2. In the following polar types of families, the distinction is made according to the degree of psychological and value-orientational correspondence between family members. it harmonious and disharmonious families. In harmonious families, in turn, one can distinguish artificial and natural harmony. In the case of natural harmony, the psychological structures of the personality are ideally matched to each other, there is no problem of adaptation in communication and it does not take much time and effort to establish mutual understanding. Artificial harmony can be talked about in cases where a high degree of agreement is achieved through the conscious efforts of all family members, necessary to achieve mutual understanding.

Disharmonious families are characterized by a mismatch of goals, needs, motives among family members. Consent is noted on a situational basis, compliance with accepted norms is often compulsory, causing frustration and mental stress. Disruption of contact between members of such families indicates that they do not have a mutual orientation towards community and consent, a desire to compromise their interests and habits. People with impulsive personality traits, egocentrism, despotism, feelings of sexual inferiority, incomplete sexual identification, emotional coldness are poorly compatible in the same family.

3. Depending on the characteristics of communication, namely, the communicative attitudes of family members are distinguished corporate and altruistic families. In corporate families, strict control over the behavior of all members of the group is established; they do not have a unifying idea of ​​sacrifice, despite their emotional attachment to each other. Even in intimate relationships, this element of corporatism persists: spouses show feelings of love on condition of reciprocity, but if the partner ceases to reciprocate, love turns into hostility or hatred. The psychological balance in such families is unstable: they are constantly counting who and how much effort has spent for family well-being. This relationship is more typical for spouses, however, children quickly learn this style. Having matured and gained independence, they do not feel responsibility to their parents, do not pay attention and support to them.

In altruistic families, the dominant attitude among all members is that everyone takes responsibility for the well-being of others. They are characterized by the practice of sacrifice without the thought of receiving compensation in the future. These families turn out to be almost invulnerable to innovations: the deterioration of the financial situation, the illness of one of the family members. a failed career is incapable of dramatically weakening someone's position, causing a feeling of uselessness. Each family member is valuable to others in and of itself, and not in terms of his contribution to status or material security. Even violators of family norms do not feel isolated and rejected, on the contrary, they seek to help them, sacrificing peace and well-being.

4. The following two types of families: open and closed... They differ in the nature and number of connections with the outside world.

Closed families strive for some communicative self-sufficiency, the number of their contacts with the environment is small. The family for its members is of the greatest value, it is the main sphere of their life and a starting point for evaluating people and events.

In open families, the personal orientation of everyone is not limited to family interests. The social ties of the members of such families are extremely diverse and are constantly expanding.

5. According to their ability to adapt in innovative conditions, families are diagnosed as flexible and conservative... Flexible families have more adaptive resources than conservative ones. If someone has an industrial conflict, or trouble communicating with friends in flexible families, they quickly find the best solutions. In conservative families, however, they grow up on a stereotyped experience of getting out of difficulties, tension around the culprit is unnecessarily heightened, and his temporary isolation may arise, leading to dissatisfaction.

6. The next two types - authoritarian and democratic families differ in the nature of the distribution of power. In authoritarian families, power is in the hands of one family member - husband, wife, grandmother, eldest son, etc. and accordingly important decisions for the family are made only with his consent. In democratic families, there is equality in decision-making, or a functional distribution of power: some aspects of life are ruled by a husband, others by a wife, others by a grandmother or someone else.

7. Problematic families. These include families:

a) whose members lead an asocial lifestyle,

b) suffer from alcoholism or drug addiction,

c) have mental illness.

Report on district parent meeting

« The psychological climate of the family as an important component in the upbringing of a child. "

Tasks:

1. Show the importance of the psychological climate in the family for raising a child.

2. To expand the knowledge of parents about the types of parenting and their impact on the development of the child's personality.

Plan:

1. The role of the family.

2. The psychological climate in the family.

3. Types of upbringing and their impact on the development of the child.

4. Viewing the presentation "On parenting."

5. Reflection.

Equipment, materials: laptop, presentation "On raising children", O. Nikolaeva's blog "Besedochka" for work on the types of upbringing, handouts for each "Statements and aphorisms about raising children."

PERFORMANCE:

The family acts as the most important factor in the development of personality. Here the child is born, here he receives the initial knowledge about the world and the first life experience.

Probably many will agree with me that it is the family, family education that plays a major role in the development of a child of both preschool and school age. The child should be raised by parents, and all social institutions (kindergartens, schools) can only help them in providing conditions for the child's self-development, helping him to know his individual inclinations, inclinations and realize them in an acceptable form that is useful for himself and society. Family education has a wide time range of impact: it continues throughout a person's life, takes place at any time of the day, at any time of the year.

What the child acquires in the family in childhood, he retains throughout his life. The importance of the family as an institution of upbringing is due to the fact that the child is in it for a significant part of his life, and in terms of the duration of its impact on the personality, none of the institutions of upbringing can compare with the family. It lays the foundations of the child's personality, and by the time he enters school, he has already more than half formed as a person.

The family can act as both a positive and a negative factor in upbringing. The positive impact on the personality of the child is that no one, except for the people closest to him in the family - mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, brother, sister, treats the child better, does not love him and does not care so much about him. At the same time, no other social institution can potentially do as much harm in raising children as the family can do.

The family is a special kind of collective that plays a basic, long-term and important role in upbringing. It is in the family that the child receives the first life experience, makes the first observations of how to behave in various situations. It is very important that what we teach a child is supported by concrete examples, so that he sees that in adults, theory does not diverge from practice.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CLIMATE

The more or less stable emotional mood characteristic of a particular family is called the psychological climate of the family. It is a consequence of family communication, i.e. arises as a result of the mood of all family members, their emotional experiences and worries, attitudes towards each other, towards other people, towards work, towards the surrounding events. In the family, people spend most of their lives, they are connected with each other by the most intimate feelings and relationships. Therefore, the psychological climate is a complex of psychological conditions that facilitate or hinder family cohesion.

The psychological state, development of the child is influenced by the emotional state of the parents themselves, the relationship between family members. All kinds of quarrels, alcohol abuse, scenes of physical harm to parents to each other, frequent swearing in front of a child negatively affects his emotional state. And if these cases are constant in the family and the child, in connection with this, experiences constant stress, then a neurotic state may arise.

The emotional state of the child, in turn, affects the intellectual development of the child. It is noted that the mental abilities of children and young people growing up in a negative social environment are definitely lower than those growing in a favorable social environment.

There are 2 types of psychological climate: favorable and unfavorable.
A favorable psychological climate of the family is characterized by the following signs: cohesion, the possibility of all-round personality development, a sense of security and emotional satisfaction, pride in belonging to one's family, responsibility, self-criticism and benevolent criticism of any family member are well developed, mutual tolerance and correctness in cases of mismatch opinions. Here the law of life is the desire and ability to understand another person. An important indicator of the psychological climate of a family is the desire of its members to spend their free time at home, to talk on topics of interest, and to do homework together.
Basically, parents spend most of their time at work, where their relationships, moods and, having come home, we sometimes do not think that our loved ones, mainly children, suffer from the fact that their parents are in a bad mood, there is no one to talk to. Sometimes we bring all negative emotions home, breaking down on our children. The unfavorable psychological climate of the family leads to quarrels, psychological tension, depression.

What happens to children? You can often hear from teachers that the child misbehaves in the lesson, interferes with the lesson, etc. But at home he is completely calm, polite. Why? This happens in the same way as with the parents. At work, we try to look carefree, and when we come home we become unbearable: everything annoys us, we don't want to talk to anyone, i.e. we get rid of all the negative emotions that we have accumulated over the whole day, and the child suffers, i.e. we transfer our problems and worries to our child. This happens all the time and turns into an appropriate lifestyle.
Ever since elementary school age, we can observe how a child lives in a family, how he feels in it. You can not ask about this, but watch how the children play, during the game they transform into their parents, copy their actions (put them in a corner, swear loudly, etc.)

According to statistics, a child is given 17-30 minutes per day. This time decreases with age.
The child is brought up by the entire daily life of the family, the relationship between its members, to work, rest, etc.
“Your own behavior is the most decisive thing,” wrote Anton Semyonovich Makarenko. “Do not think that you are raising a child only when you talk to him, or teach him, or order him. You bring him up every moment of your life, even when you are not at home. How you dress, how you talk with other people and about other people, how you are happy or sad, how you communicate with friends or enemies, how you laugh, how you read the newspaper - all this is of great importance for a child. The child sees or feels the slightest changes in tone, all the turns of your thought reach him in invisible ways, you do not notice them. And if at home you are rude, or boastful, or get drunk, and even worse, if you insult your mother, you are already causing great harm to your children, you are already raising them badly, and your unworthy behavior will have the most sad consequences.

The true essence of upbringing work, you yourself already guessed about it, probably lies not in your conversations with the child, not in the direct impact on the child, but in the organization of your family, your personal and social life, and in the organization of the child's life. Educational work is, first of all, the work of the organizer. In this case, therefore, there are no trifles. "

It is very important that the skills and habits of behavior that are formed in the child at school are consolidated in the family. Uniform, coordinated requirements of the family and school are one of the conditions for proper education.

TYPES OF FAMILY EDUCATION

(BLOG assignments)

10 major mistakes parents make
in raising children

1. Inconsistency... This is a very common mistake. If the kid misbehaves, parents scold him and warn about all kinds of restrictions. But some time passes, and mom, forgetting that she recently threatened the child, cancel a walk in the park or watch cartoons, as if forgetting about her own promise, leads to the rides or turns on the animated series.

Effects: the child grows up self-willed, he ceases to take seriously the words of his parents. It turns out, as in the proverb: "The dog barks - the wind carries."

2. Inconsistency of demands on the part of adults... There is often a situation when completely different requirements are imposed on the child in the family, for example, the mother wants the child to clean up the toys after the game, and the grandmother does it herself. Often, disputes about the correctness of a particular position are conducted right in front of children; opposing coalitions are created in the family.

Effects: a child can grow up to be a conformist, adapting to the opinions of others. It is also possible to show disrespect for the parent, whose position the child perceives as unfavorable for himself.

3. Uneven attitude towards the child... More common in families consisting of a child and a single mother. The mother then kisses the child, playing with him, then withdraws into herself, not paying attention to her child, then screams and gets angry at him.

Effects: a hysterical person will grow up who does not know how to control her behavior. Detachment from the mother is often observed due to the fact that the child does not know what to expect from her.

4. Connivance... The child does what he sees fit, regardless of the opinions and desires of the people around him. For example, when he comes to visit, he begins to demand that he be given a thing that he likes, although it is fragile, and the owners value it, or during Sunday lunch in a cafe, he begins to run around the hall, pestering strangers who have come to rest. The parents of such a child are perplexed: “So what? He's a child! "

Effects: you are guaranteed to grow up a terry egoist and impudent.

5. Spoiledness... It manifests itself in the fact that parents constantly follow the child's lead, fulfilling all his desires, often at the expense of infringing on their own interests or the interests of other people.

Effects: This miscalculation in upbringing leads to the fact that the child grows up self-centered and callous.

6. Excessive exactingness, excessive severity... Exorbitant demands are made to the child, the most harmless pranks and mistakes are not forgiven him.

Effects : lack of self-confidence, , often perfectionism, which can become an unbearable burden for a growing up person.

7. Lack of affection... Bodily contact is extremely important for a little person, however, as well as an adult. Unfortunately, sometimes parents find it unnecessary to show affection for their child.

Effects: the child grows up closed, distrustful.

8. Unbridled ambition of parents. Adults in the family try to realize through the child what they have not been able to achieve themselves, regardless of his interests and desires. For example, they give him on sailing not so that he physically develops and strengthens his health, but solely out of the desire to make a champion out of his child.

Effects: if a child is not attracted to this activity, then, growing up, he will protest in any way. If the activity is to one's liking, but it does not justify the aspirations of the parents, then low self-esteem and dissatisfaction with oneself are formed.

9. Excessive control... A person must have a certain space so that he can make his own choices. Sometimes parents completely ignore the child's desires, taking control of any life manifestations (choosing friends, tracking phone calls, etc.)

Effects: as in the previous case, a protest against unnecessary guardianship in the form of departures

10. Imposing a role... More often observed in families where mothers are lonely or there is no emotional connection between parents. The mother begins to talk about her failures, discuss other people, imposing problems that the child is not ready to perceive.

Effects: mental stress that is unbearable for a child can cause pessimism and unwillingness to live, the proper distance between an adult and a child is erased.

Family drawing technique

gives an idea of ​​the child's subjective assessment of his family, his place in it, his relationship with other family members.
Based on the analysis of the drawings of the children of the class, several general trends in the development of intrafamily relations can be distinguished:
if you want to know how your child feels in the family or how he treats relatives, offer him the task: "Draw your family"

If the child has drawn himself in the center, do not worry - he draws from the position of his vision. This is his world, in which he is the main sorcerer.

If he draws only himself, then he is lonely.

Usually, after himself, the child draws the one whom he considers to be the main one in the family. If he painted the pet second, then the child is lonely.

If someone has not drawn, he may be offended at him.

And if a child draws all relatives holding hands together, then in your family he is surrounded by love and attention of loved ones.

If the family does not communicate much, then the child does not draw mom and dad far from each other, with an obstacle.

If someone is depicted without a mouth, without arms or with very long arms, then the baby is afraid of this person due to the fact that they are shouting at him, severely punished.

If he draws someone with thumbs (like a "scarecrow"), the child seems uncomfortable in the world.

Legs disproportionately thick - a tense atmosphere in the family; very long legs - striving for independence.

For a loved one, the child will take the same paints with which he painted himself.

A very contrasting image is a sign of an unresolved conflict for a child.

If the child is energetic, active, he will choose warm colors.

Cold colors - dreaminess, thoughtfulness are inherent in the character of the child.

Love for freedom, independence - if painting, jumps out of the outline with a pencil.

Neat shading, but if there are unpainted stripes, says
about insecurity, defenselessness.

TESTING

(presentation)

REMEMBER! (presentation)

USEFUL LITERATURE

Annex 1

Characteristics, manifestations:

parents impose their opinion on the child.

"Suppression" of the child

Eternal directions, reminders, sovers

The child does not meet his own needs, but the needs of his parents, providing them with a more comfortable life

Possible consequences:

decreased interest in the world around and the formation of lack of initiative;

can lead to the development of personality traits such as shyness and self-doubt, or, conversely, aggressiveness and negativism;

The child becomes “deaf to the parent,” waiting for the usual threats or raising his voice in order to begin to do what he is told.

upon reaching adolescence, the child may want to quickly break out of a too rigid system where his interests are ignored, and find freedom

growing up, a child can fall under the influence of any other authoritarian system: sects, political parties, criminal companies, in which he will also be obedient to control

becoming an adult, either he himself will acquire a very authoritarian character, or he will become an executor of someone else's will: passive, dependent and suppressed.

Parental motives

Against the background of the child's lingering problems, parents sometimes lose faith in their ability to be responsible or to do at least something on their own and well.

If the child does not have chronic problems, the parents' motive may be to compensate for the inner feelings that they experienced in childhood, when they felt that they were not noticed and not taken seriously. Parents' search for opportunities to assert themselves and feel their power sometimes ends with the use of children for these purposes.

Hyper-care type

Characteristics, manifestations:

Parents do their best to protect the child from possible dangers ("Do not climb the stairs, you will fall").

The child is protected from any difficulties, worries, negative emotions and experiences.

There are no requirements or responsibilities for the child.

They are afraid that all sorts of misfortunes will happen to their child.

Possible consequences:

Promotes the development of dependence, difficulty in making decisions, inability to find a way to resolve a previously unknown situation;

In critical cases - passivity and avoidance of solving a life problem.

The child will be poorly adapted to adulthood.

Infantile-consumer attitude to the world, the child has a delay in the development of skills.

Painful response to any demands and restrictions.

It will be difficult, and sometimes impossible, to cope with your feelings: grief, anger, resentment, which later still come in real life.

Difficulties in communicating with peers, when you have to independently defend your interests and solve emerging problems.

The child denies the justification of parental fears. He looks for opportunities to take risks and can act incredibly reckless.

Parental motives

This parenting style usually reflects the emotional problems of parents from their childhood, when they might feel unnecessary. The motive in this case is obvious: to feel knowledgeable and competent, important and needed, caring for a chronically helpless child.

Hypocritical (conniving) type

Characteristics, manifestations:

Parents are little interested in the child, he is left to himself.

The child lacks attention, care, warmth

It can be observed both in families with low incomes, where parents are forced to work a lot, and in financially prosperous families where parents are busy with their lives, dress and feed the baby perfectly, buy toys, but have practically no contact with him.

Possible consequences:

The absence of rules and requirements leads to the fact that the child does not have a solid support, a sense of security;

The child has a feeling of uselessness, that he is not loved

Parental motives

This is how parents can behave:

Who, throughout their own childhood, felt they were being ignored, rejected, rejected and not cared for enough;

Democratic type

Characteristics, manifestations:

Parents are considered to be in charge they own the bulk of power and responsibility, but the interests of children's opinions are taken into account when deciding important issues.

The child is well aware of his limitations, responsibilities, area of ​​his responsibility

The parent is involved in the growing up of the child.

Possible consequences:

The child is aware of his needs and understands the desires of others

The child acquires emotional stability, self-confidence

Self-reliance, responsibility, the ability to cope with many life's difficulties, age-appropriate.

Appendix 2. Statements and aphorisms about raising children

The best school of discipline is family (Smiles S.)

The main meaning and purpose of family life is the upbringing of children. The main school for raising children is the relationship between husband and wife, father and mother. (Sukhomlinsky V.A.)

Do you know what the surest way to make your child unhappy is to teach him not to be denied anything. (J.J. Rousseau)

Many troubles are rooted precisely in the fact that from childhood a person is not taught to manage his desires, they are not taught to relate correctly to the concepts of can, it is necessary, it is impossible. (Sukhomlinsky V.A.)

Nothing works in the young souls of children stronger than the universal power of example, and yet by all other examples no one else is impressed in them deeper and more firmly than the example of parents. (Novikov N.I.)

The guilt and merit of children falls heavily on the heads and consciences of their parents. (Dzerzhinsky F.E.)

Our children are our old age. Correct upbringing is our happy old age, bad upbringing is our future grief, these are our tears, this is our fault before other people, before the whole country. (Makarenko A.S.).

Parents often confuse the concepts of "upbringing" and "education" and think that they gave the child upbringing when they forced him to study so many subjects. Hence the frequent disappointment of parents in their children in subsequent years. (Rubinstein A.G.)

In the scientific literature, synonyms for the concept of "psychological climate of the family" are "psychological atmosphere of the family", "emotional climate of the family", "socio-psychological climate of the family". It should be noted that there is no strict definition of these concepts. For example, OA Dobrynina understands the social and psychological climate of the family as its generalized, integrative characteristic, which reflects the degree of satisfaction of the spouses with the main aspects of the family's life, the general tone and style of communication.

The psychological climate in the family determines the stability of intra-family relations, has a decisive influence on the development of both children and adults. It is not something immutable, given once and for all. It is created by members of each family, and it depends on their efforts how it will be, favorable or unfavorable, and how long the marriage will last. So for a favorable psychological climate, the following signs are characteristic: cohesion, the possibility of all-round development of the personality of each of its members, high benevolent exactingness of family members to each other, a sense of security and emotional satisfaction, pride in belonging to their family, responsibility. In a family with a favorable psychological climate, each of its members treats the rest with love, respect and trust, for parents - also with reverence, for a weaker one - with a willingness to help at any moment. Important indicators of a favorable psychological climate of a family are the desire of its members to spend their free time at home, to talk on topics of interest to everyone, to do homework together, to emphasize the dignity and good deeds of everyone. Such a climate promotes harmony, reducing the severity of emerging conflicts, relieving stressful conditions, increasing the assessment of one's own social significance and realizing the personal potential of each family member. The initial basis for a favorable family climate is marital relations. Living together requires from spouses a willingness to compromise, the ability to reckon with the needs of the partner, to yield to each other, to develop such qualities as mutual respect, trust, and mutual understanding.

When family members experience anxiety, emotional discomfort, alienation, in this case they speak of an unfavorable psychological climate in the family. All this prevents the family from performing one of its main functions - psychotherapeutic, relieving stress and fatigue, and also leads to depression, quarrels, mental tension, and a deficit in positive emotions. If family members do not strive to change this situation for the better, then the very existence of the family becomes problematic.

Psychological climate can be defined as a more or less stable emotional mood characteristic of a particular family, which is a consequence of family communication, that is, it arises as a result of the totality of the mood of family members, their emotional experiences and worries, attitudes towards each other, towards other people, towards work, to surrounding events. It should be noted that the emotional atmosphere of the family is an important factor in the effectiveness of the family's vital functions, the state of its health in general, it determines the stability of the marriage.

Many Western researchers believe that in modern society the family is losing its traditional functions, becoming an institution of emotional contact, a kind of “psychological refuge”. Russian scientists also emphasize the growing role of emotional factors in the functioning of the family.

VS Torokhtiy speaks about the psychological health of the family and that this "integral indicator of the dynamics of vital functions for it, expressing the qualitative aspect of the socio-psychological processes taking place in it and, in particular, the family's ability to withstand the undesirable influences of the social environment", is not identical with the concept of "socio-psychological climate", which is more applicable for groups (including small ones) of a heterogeneous composition, which more often unite their members on the basis of professional activity and have ample opportunities to leave the group, etc. a group that has family ties, providing stable and long-term psychological interdependence, where the proximity of interpersonal intimate experiences remains, where the similarity of value orientations is especially significant, where not one, but a number of common family goals are simultaneously distinguished, and the flexibility of their priority, targeting is preserved, where the main condition is existence is the whole ness - the term "psychological health of the family" is more acceptable.

Psychological health- this is a state of mental and psychological well-being of the family, which ensures the regulation of the behavior and activities of all family members adequate to their living conditions. The main criteria for the psychological health of the family B.C. Torokhtiy attributes the similarity of family values, functional and role coherence, social and role adequacy in the family, emotional satisfaction, adaptability in microsocial relationships, aspiration for family longevity. These criteria for the psychological health of the family create a general psychological portrait of the modern family and, above all, characterize the degree of its well-being.

Family traditions

Family traditions are the usual family norms, behaviors, customs and attitudes that are passed down from generation to generation. Family traditions and rituals are, on the one hand, one of the important features of a healthy (as defined by V. Satir) or functional (as defined by E. G. Eidemiller and other researchers) family, and, on the other hand, the presence of family traditions is one of the the most important mechanisms for the transmission of the laws of intrafamily interaction to the next generations of the family: the distribution of roles in all spheres of family life, the rules of intrafamily communication, including methods of resolving conflicts and overcoming emerging problems.

V. Satir believed that a healthy family is a family in which 1) each family member is perceived as equal to others; 2) trust, honesty and openness are essential; 3) intra-family communication is congruent; 4) family members support each other; 5) each family member bears his own share of responsibility for the family as a whole; 6) family members have a rest, enjoy and rejoice together; 7) traditions and rituals play an important role in the family; 8) family members accept the characteristics and uniqueness of each of them; 9) the family respects the right to privacy (to the presence of personal space, to the inviolability of private life); 10) the feelings of each family member are accepted and worked out.

The system of beliefs traditional for Russian national culture, according to senior schoolchildren, contains the belief that “a man and a woman in a family must fulfill different roles”, “a man is a stronghold of the family, a source of wealth and a defender, the one who solves problems”, “the main sphere activities of a woman in the family - domestic work and raising children "," a woman must be patient, compliant and ready for self-sacrifice "," parents must take care of the upbringing of children ", and" children must respect their parents. " As an important conviction, the negative attitude towards the infidelity of the spouses is noted: "a husband and wife should be faithful to each other, love each other and support each other in joy and sorrow, in illness and in old age."

The schoolchildren referred to the traditional forms of family behavior as “the right to propose to create a family belongs to the man (groom)”; “Many family events (marriage, the birth of children, the departure of family members) are covered by the church,” that is, there are wedding, baptism, and funeral rites; "The man has the final say in resolving any issues." The greatest difficulty was caused by the question of the leader of the discussion about what are the national traditions in the upbringing of children. In addition, it turned out that even those schoolchildren who are aware of the differences in religious rituals associated with family life (weddings, baptism of children) in various religious denominations do not know exactly what these differences are. The main difference is indicated "a more rigid subordination of the wife to her husband among Muslims", "women in a Muslim family have fewer rights than in Orthodox families." Most of the schoolchildren were unable to explain the meaning of those rituals that they indicated as national family traditions: the meaning of wedding, baptism and funeral rites.

“This is undoubtedly due to the fact that in 52% of families, parents and representatives of older generations either do not adhere to folk traditions and customs at all (more than 5%), or follow traditions inconsistently (47%). All this leads to the fact that the majority of schoolchildren (58.3%) are convinced that in their future family life they do not have to follow the customs and traditions of their people. "

Ethnocultural marriage and family traditions in one way or another were persecuted and supplanted by unified requirements. Changing in accordance with the requirements of the environment of a higher order, the family preserves family traditions as one of the main ways of upbringing, continuing oneself. Family traditions bring all relatives closer together, makes a family a family, and not just a community of blood relatives. Household customs and rituals can become a kind of inoculation against the separation of children from their parents, their mutual misunderstanding. Today, from the family tradition, we only have a family vacation.

Similar information.

1.1. Psychological situation in a complete family.

At an early age, the child perceives the adult's attitude towards him as an assessment of his behavior, an assessment of himself as a whole. The child cannot yet understand that a bad or indifferent attitude of an adult can be caused by various reasons, he perceives such an attitude as an assessment of his personality. The constant impossibility of satisfying the child's need for a positive assessment from an adult causes a severe emotional state of dissatisfaction, a feeling of emotional distress.

In the absence of psychological and pedagogical assistance, the removal of negative experiences occurs due to the distortion of the child's ideas about his behavior. He becomes "impenetrable" to any negative (both fair and unfair) assessments of an adult. This is one way to avoid painful self-esteem doubts.

As V.A. Sukhomlinsky, a child who experienced an offense and injustice in early childhood, becomes painfully susceptible to the slightest manifestations of injustice and indifference. Each encounter with resentment, untruth again and again bites the child's heart, and the child sees evil even where it is not. In other words, dissatisfaction with the needs that are significant for a person leads to a distorted perception of the attitude of those around him. Then the child becomes more and more isolated in himself, opposing the real and apparent evil with what he is able to oppose - disobedience, obstinacy, harshness and rudeness, self-will, the desire to do everything not as adults require in order to remind about himself, to tell people about his the right to attention.

Such a child responds to the teacher's attempts to establish contact with distrust, since he is often internally convinced of hostility towards him on the part of others, that the teacher's words are false, that he seeks to deceive him, mislead him, how to lull his vigilance. Therefore, it often happens that even an experienced, sensitive teacher cannot always quickly come into contact with such a child, win his favor. The child responds to care, kindness, affection with distrust, and even rude, defiant behavior.

Of course, every family has its own nuances, difficulties and problems. An attempt to schematize all of this and give an accurate classification of the types of upbringing of children, where any particular family would "fit", is hardly feasible. Any particular case is always individual, like each person with his subjectivity and uniqueness. However, it is possible to determine the main parameters of educational influences, the various combinations of which make up the types of family education.

Here we will consider only two, in my opinion, the main parameters of family education. This is, firstly, attention to children: the degree of control over them, the direction of their behavior; and secondly, the emotional attitude towards the child: the degree of emotional contact with the son or daughter, tenderness, gentleness in dealing with him.

Hyperprotection

Increased guardianship of the child, deprivation of his independence, excessive control over behavior - all this characterizes upbringing according to the type of hyperprotection. When parents, fearing “bad influence,” choose their own friends for their son or daughter, organize their child's leisure time, forcibly impose their views, tastes, interests, and norms of behavior - this is the dominant hyperprotection. Often this type of upbringing is found in authoritarian families, where children are taught to unconditionally obey their parents or one of the adult family members, whose will is carried out by everyone else. Emotional relationships are usually reserved here. Children do not have deep emotional contact with their father and mother, since the constant strictness of parents, their control and suppression of the child's initiative interfere with the natural development of children's attachment and form only respect and fear.

Upbringing according to the type of dominant hyperprotection in a matured child causes either a hypertrophied reaction of emancipation, and the teenager generally gets out of the control of the parents, becomes uncontrollable (the first option), or forms a conformal (adaptive, passive) personality type. In the second version, the child grows up weak-willed, in everything depends on the influence of the surrounding microenvironment or on a leader who is more active than himself. He does not develop a sense of responsibility for his actions, independence in decision-making, there is no purpose in life. He often turns out to be helpless in a new situation, unadapted, prone to neurotic or unproductive reactions.

Asocial groups attract such adolescents most often because they feel psychological security, the absence of "pressure" from their parents. They easily identify with other adolescents and willingly obey the leader, as they used to obey their father or mother. Typically, such metamorphoses occur during a long period of stay outside the home, for example, studying in another city, in a technical school, college; moving from the village to the city; going to work, etc. Left without a "guide", they are ready to follow the first person they come across who wants to "lead" them. For example, if such a teenager, having entered to work at a factory, ends up in a brigade where it is customary to drink alcohol for any reason, then he, without hesitation, adopts this tradition, forces himself to drink, fulfilling the requirements of traditions, imitating the senior members of the brigade and unconditionally obeying them.

The dominant hyperprotection includes education in conditions of high moral responsibility. Here, heightened attention to the child is combined with the expectation of success from him much greater than he can achieve. Emotional relationships are warmer, and the child is doing his best to live up to the expectations of the parents. In this case, failures are experienced very sharply, up to nervous breakdowns or the formation of an inferiority complex. As a result of this style of upbringing, there is a fear of a situation of tension, a test, which in the future often becomes an impetus for the use of psychotropic substances.

Increased attention to the child, combined with close emotional contact, full acceptance of all behavioral manifestations, means upbringing in the type of conniving hyperprotection. In this case, the parents strive to fulfill any of his whims, to protect him from difficulties, troubles, grief. In such a family, the child is always in the center of attention, he is the object of adoration, the “idol of the family”. "Blind" love encourages parents to exaggerate his abilities, not to notice negative qualities, to create an atmosphere of admiration and praise around the child. As a result, children develop egocentrism, overestimated self-esteem, intolerance to difficulties and obstacles to the satisfaction of desires. Such adolescents consider themselves to be outside criticism, condemnation and remarks. They explain their failures by the injustice of others or by accidental circumstances. This position is shaped and reinforced by the behavior of parents who always actively defend the interests of their son or daughter, do not want to hear about their shortcomings and expose everyone who “does not understand” their child or is “guilty” of his failures.

Naturally, a personality formed under conditions of upbringing in the form of conniving hyperprotection very often experiences negative experiences at the very first encounters with reality. The deprivation of the usual atmosphere of admiration and uncomplicated satisfaction of desires causes social maladjustment in the adolescent, since he is perceived by him as a crisis situation. The inability to overcome difficulties, the lack of experience of experiencing negative emotions prompts him to use psychotropic substances, since they make it possible to quickly change his mental state without any effort (volitional, intellectual, spiritual).

It should be noted that adolescents who are brought up in conditions of conniving hyperprotection rarely come to the attention of a narcologist, not because among them there are fewer cases of the use of psychotropic substances. It's just that parents do their best to hide the facts of alcohol or drug use. First, they try to justify their child, as if "not noticing" what is happening, or, explaining this behavior of a teenager by his subtle mental make-up, the need to stimulate creative abilities. Then the teenager begins to receive private treatment in order to avoid being registered with a drug addict. And only when a teenager commits a crime or all means of self-treatment have been exhausted, he enters a drug dispensary, most often in a very neglected state.

Hypoprotection

If hypoprotection is combined with good emotional contact, that is, the parents love the child, although they are not involved in raising him, then such a child grows up in a situation of permissiveness, he does not develop the habit of being organized and planning his behavior. Impulses predominate, there is no idea that "want" should be in second place after "must". In such children, by adolescence, in fact, self-regulation does not develop, and their behavior is similar to the behavior of unstable accentuators.

Upbringing in conditions of hypoprotection in combination with the emotional coldness of the parents and the lack of emotional contact leads to serious negative consequences. In this case, the child constantly feels his uselessness, deprivation of affection and love. He is seriously experiencing indifference, neglect on the part of his father and mother, and these experiences contribute to the formation of an inferiority complex in him. Children, deprived of the love and attention of their parents, grow up embittered and aggressive. They get used to relying only on themselves, see everyone as enemies, and achieve their goal by force or deception.

Most often, the combination of hypoprotection with emotional coldness (up to emotional rejection) occurs in socially disadvantaged families. Where parents abuse alcohol, lead an immoral lifestyle, children are usually abandoned, left to their own devices, deprived of elementary care and attention. Here, children are often subjected to physical punishment, beatings and torture for the slightest offense, or just to "frustrate the evil." The difficult home environment prompts the adolescent to seek solace in the company of similarly disadvantaged peers. The ideas about life and its values ​​(antisocial behavior, alcohol abuse, principles such as “whoever has the power, he is right”, etc.), learned from their parents, are transferred to this street group, forming their own criminal environment.

It is obvious that upbringing by the type of hypoprotection, in fact, leaves the child “alone” with life's difficulties. Deprived of the adult's guidance, protection and support, he experiences negative emotional states much more often than an unformed personality can withstand. Therefore, together with the ability to overcome difficulties, to look for a way out of a frustrating situation, a teenager is looking for a way to relieve tension, change his mental state. In this case, psychotropic substances act as a universal means for him to solve all his life problems.

In addition to the main types of improper upbringing discussed above, there are many more subtypes, where various elements that make up the main ones are intertwined. Actually, in their pure form, these types of upbringing are found in real life much less often than their combinations. This is primarily due to the fact that at present the family does not represent such a unity as it was in the last century. Often now, family members treat a child differently, each creating their own conditions for upbringing. For example, a father can bring up a son as hypoprotection combined with emotional coldness, a mother can raise a son as a dominant hyperprotection combined with heightened moral responsibility, and a grandmother, with whom a grandson spends most of his time, as a conniving hyperprotection. What will grow out of such a child? Hard to say. But we can say with confidence that the conditions for the formation of his personality are extremely unfavorable.